BEIJING, MAY 31 -
The force behind
China 's biggest takeover of an
American company is a 71-year-old meat-packing entrepreneur dubbed "
China 's Chief Butcher" by the press who built an empire on his country's voracious appetite for pork.
The $4.7 billion bid for Smithfield Foods by Wan Long, chairman of Shuanghui International, is another big step up for Chinese entrepreneurs who are emerging from the shadow of state-owned corporate giants and expanding on the global stage.
Under pressure to keep economic growth strong, the new government of
President Xi Jinping has promised a bigger role and lighter regulatory
burden to entrepreneurs who generate
China
's jobs and wealth. Still, it is unclear how far the ruling Communist
Party is willing to go in making crucial changes including curbing the
dominance of state industry.
"If these Chinese entrepreneurs who are highly capable are allowed to
get on and do what they do best, we're going to see a lot more deals
like this," said Charles Maynard, senior managing director of Business
Development Asia, which advises companies on acquisitions. "Despite lots
of hurdles, they are increasingly able to think globally and act
globally."
Another private investor, Fosun International, bought a stake last year
in Club Med and says it will team up with insurer AXA to acquire the
rest of the French resort operator. Last year, a private firm set the
current record for the biggest Chinese takeover of an American company
when Wanda Group bought the AMC cinema chain for $2.6 billion.
China 's private companies follow a different path from Western buyers pursuing acquisitions.
Cash-rich but inexperienced, they shop for brands, technology and
skills to speed their development. Unlike Western buyers, which might
lay off employees, Chinese companies keep them and sometimes hire more.
Sweden's Volvo Cars expanded its workforce after it was acquired in 2010
by Chinese automaker Geely Holding Group.
"We were especially attracted to Smithfield for its strong management
team, leading brands and vertically integrated model," said Shuanghui's Wan in the statement announcing this week's bid.
The purchase was endorsed by Smithfield's board but still require approval from shareholders and U.S. regulators.
Reflecting the sensitivity of Chinese acquisitions at a time of
American complaints about computer hacking and market access, the
companies said they would submit the proposed deal for a U.S. government
national security review.
The announcement comes as
President Barack Obama and
China
's Xi prepare to meet for the first time, overshadowed by mounting
American frustration about a wave of cyber intrusions traced to
China
and possibly its military that targets government and commercial
secrets. Obama is expected to press Xi to crack down on cybercrime.
The Chinese acquisition of a major food producer "is a bit concerning,"
said U.S. Sen. Chuck Grassley in a statement. He said regulators should
look at what role the communist Beijing government plays in Shuanghui
and whether the acquisition might affect national security.
Some, however, warn against linking the deal to strains in the U.S.-
China relationship.
"This is just not the kind of deal that would or should rankle the U.S. government," said
James Zimmerman, a lawyer in Beijing for the firm Sheppard Mullen and a former chairman of the American Chamber of Commerce in
China , in an email.
"The U.S. government would do more harm than good if they use this transaction to leverage out of
China
better behavior on unrelated issues," said Zimmerman. "Promoting free
trade and open investment only comes from setting an example."
Despite their role in driving growth, private companies like Shuanghui
still are second-class corporate citizens behind state companies that
benefit from monopolies and low-cost access to bank loans, land and
energy.
The World Bank and other advisers have warned that model requires drastic change if
China 's growth is to stay strong. They say more industries have to be opened to private and possibly foreign competitors.
A statement by the Cabinet's planning agency on May 24 promised such
change. But it consisted mostly of repeating previous pledges and gave
no details of possible reforms. Those are likely to provoke fierce
opposition from party factions that depend on state industry to supply
money and jobs to reward their supporters.
Entrepreneurs' expansion abroad comes as
China 's explosive double-digit economic growth that powered their rise slows.
The slowdown is largely self-imposed as Chinese leaders try to nurture
more self-sustaining growth based on domestic consumption instead of
exports and investment. But consumer spending growth is slow. That has
forced Beijing to prop up
China
's rebound from its deepest downturn since the 2008 global crisis with
spending on building subways and other public works, which pumps still
more money into state industry.
Growth of the world's second-largest economy is forecast at 7 to 8
percent over the next decade — far above the low single digits expected
from the United States and Europe but
China 's weakest performance since the '90s.
"They know this economy may have rough days ahead, so why not take
their capital and diversify around the world?" said Jim McGregor,
chairman for Greater
China at consulting firm APCO.
State-owned oil and mining companies still account for
China 's biggest deals abroad, including multibillion-dollar investments in Australia, Africa and Latin American. In 2007,
China 's sovereign wealth fund bought a 9.9 percent stake in Morgan Stanley for $5.6 billion.
But smaller private companies are expanding in a wider array of
industries including technology, manufacturing, food processing and real
estate.
Bright Foods acquired a majority stake last year in Weetabix, which
makes Alpen muesli. Hanergy Group, a builder of hydroelectric dams,
bought two makers of solar panels — MiaSole in California and Germany's
Solibro.
Shuanghui's Wan, a former soldier, started his rise in 1985 when
coworkers elected him manager of a slaughterhouse in his hometown of
Luohe in central
China .
The economy was in the early stages of then-supreme leader Deng
Xiaoping's reforms. The ruling party had begun allowing privately owned
restaurants and other small businesses. Rolling back its "iron rice
bowl" policies of jobs for life and nationwide wage standards, Beijing
was starting to let companies pay employees for the first time based on
their productivity.
According to Caixin,
China
's leading business magazine, Wan turned around his struggling
slaughterhouse with such radical innovations for the time as operating
three shifts around the clock, every day of the year. It said that in
the first year the business swung to a profit of 5 million yuan (about
$1.7 million at that time).
The company grew rapidly while undergoing repeated restructurings. It
split into two competing companies at one point before reuniting. In
2006, its managers bought out the remaining state stake using money from
investors including Goldman Sachs and Singapore state investment
company Temasek Holdings Ltd.
Today, the company is controlled through Shuanghui International
Holdings Ltd. in Hong Kong, of which Wan is chairman. The operating unit
on the mainland, Shuanghui Investment and Development Co., says it is
China 's biggest meat processor, with annual sales in excess of 50 billion yuan ($8 billion) and more than 60,000 employees.
China
consumes more than half the world's pork. That makes the tie-up with
Shuanghui a possible boost to Smithfield by giving the American producer
a readymade distribution network for its Armour, John Morrell and other
brands as Chinese buy more processed and packaged meat.
Shuanghui's reputation was battered in 2011 when state television
revealed its pork contained clenbuterol, a banned chemical that makes
pork leaner but can be harmful to humans.
The company apologized and promised to improve quality — a process that
might benefit from an infusion of know-how from Smithfield.
"Pork in
China is a vegetable. It's everywhere," said McGregor. "Good for
China , trying to up its game on best practices."
